We now know that Parkinson’s is more than just a disease of dopamine deficiency. A protein called alpha-synuclein plays a central role in both the origin and progression of the disease. This protein is normally involved in helping nerve cells function and communicate – particularly in the parts of the brain responsible for motor control. However, in those with Parkinson’s, this protein “misfolds” and accumulates abnormally inside neurons. This results in toxic aggregates known as Lewy bodies forming, which disrupt cellular processes, damage brain tissue, and ultimately lead to the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in a key brain region responsible for initiating movement.
Emerging research suggests that misfolded alpha-synuclein behaves similarly to prion diseases. Essentially, it can spread from cell to cell, causing normal alpha-synuclein to misfold in neighboring neurons. This may help explain how Parkinson’s progresses gradually through the brain over time.
As our understanding of alpha-synuclein deepens, so too does our ability to diagnose Parkinson’s earlier and intervene more effectively. The future of Parkinson’s care may soon involve screening for alpha-synuclein pathology in at-risk individuals well before symptoms begin. Targeting this protein is not the only key to understanding the disease, but it may be the most promising path toward changing its course and improving outcomes for millions affected worldwide.
